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Formula investing |
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Formula investingA formula-based investment technique in which investment decisions are made using predetermined timing or asset allocation models, e.g., dollar cost averaging.Formula investing Similar MatchesValue investingValue investingValue investing is something of a misnomer in many ways as no-one would knowingly buy shares in a company unless they thought that the shares were good value. However, in investment circles it has come to mean the purchase of shares that look cheap according to particular criteria. Historically, this has meant the purchase of shares in companies which have low price earnings ratios (P/Es), a high level of asset backing, or high dividend yields, or a mixture of all three. As such it is contrasted with growth investing, where the investor focuses only on the potential for future earnings growth and is prepared to pay much high P/E multiple.So the heart of value investing lies in comparing two figures:Current Market ValueMultiply the number of ordinary shares in issue by the current price of each share to produce the market capitalisation. You can look up the market capitalisation of a quoted company in the financial pages of most newspapers, and on many financial websites.Intrinsic Value of the CompanyThere is no single way of establishing what the value of a company should be. Instead, value investors use a number of different valuation techniques, based on asset values, dividends, earnings, cash flows and other financial criteria.When a value investor identifies a discrepancy between the Current Market Value and the Intrinsic Value (according to the criteria he chooses), and the first is lower than the second, he invests. When the gap between them closes, or reverses, he sells, and takes his profit. Coattail investingCoattail investingA risky trading practice of making trades similar to those of other successful investors, usually institutional investors. Growth investingGrowth investingThe approach to investing which aims to invest in fast-growing companies which are rapidly increasing their turnover and profits, and where the expectation is to make money from a rising share price (rather than income).The theory with a growth share is that the share price rise happens in two ways:firstly, through the multiplication of a static P/E on rising earnings per share. So a company on a P/E of 7 with earnings of 10p per share has a share price of 70p. If EPS rises to 15p, its share price rises to 105p.secondly, by a re-rating of the company's P/E multiple. In the case of the company above the earnings of 105p may be accompanied by a rise in P/E ratio from 7 to 10, in which case the share price rises to 150p.Growth investing is often contrasted with value investing. The traditional view is that:value investors look for shares that are cheap in relation to the net asset value of a companygrowth investors are only interested in earnings growthIn fact, there is common ground between the two. Value investors are very interested in earnings if they can acquire them cheaply enough (i.e. on a low P/E), and growth investors don't completely ignore things like company debt and balance sheet ratios.Nevertheless, there is an important underlying distinction between the methods:value investing is based entirely or mainly on quantitative criteria (numbers): on asset values, on cash flow, and on discounted future earnings.growth investing is based on qualitative criteria: on value judgements about the business, its markets, its management, and its ability to extract future earnings growth from its industry. Contrarian investingContrarian investingIgnoring market trends by buying securities that the investor considers undervalued and out of favor with other investors. Graham and Dodd method of investingGraham and Dodd method of investingAn investment strategy based on security analysis and identification. Investors buy stocks with undervalued assets speculating that these assets will appreciate to their true value. Further SuggestionsValue investingPassive investing |
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