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Integration |
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IntegrationEconomic integration refers to reducing barriers among countries to transactions and to movements of goods, capital, and labor, including harmonization of laws, regulations, and standards. Common forms include FTAs, customs unions, and common markets. Sometimes classified as shallow integration vs. deep integration.Similar MatchesDisintegrationDisintegrationAnother term for fragmentation. Used by Feenstra (1998). Forward integrationForward integrationAcquisition by a firm of a larger part of its distribution chain, moving it closer to selling directly to its ultimate customers. Economies of vertical integrationEconomies of vertical integrationProduced by achieving lower operating costs by owning all components of production and sometimes sales outlets rather than contracting for companies in the outside marketplace. Economic integrationEconomic integrationSee integration. Horizontal integrationHorizontal integrationProduction of different varieties of the same product, or different products at the same level of processing, within a single firm. This may, but need not, take place in subsidiaries in different countries. Further SuggestionsTrade integrationShallow integration Vertical integration Deep integration Backward integration |
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