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Pay as you earn |
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Pay as you earnPeople who earn income from employment or who receive a pension are liable for income tax under the PAYE system.Taxable pay (gross salary less pension contributions less allowances) is used by the employer to calculate a person's income tax (according to his/her notice of coding) which is passed to the Inland Revenue usually monthly or weekly. This ensures that employees pay their income tax on a regular basis.Similar MatchesEarnings retention ratioEarnings retention ratioPlowback rate. State Earnings Related Pension SchemeState Earnings Related Pension SchemeA government scheme introduced in April 1978 which enables employees (but not the self-employed) to top up the basic pension they receive on retirement with additional pension payments based on their earnings.Employees make payments to SERPS by way of Class 1 National Insurance (NI) contributions. They can 'contract out' of SERPS and pay Class 1 contributions via a rebate which may be invested in an occupational pension or a personal pension plan.SERPS was replaced in April 2002 with the 'State Second Pension' which is designed to give more to the lower paid and middle earners, carers and the long-term disabled with broken work records. Whereas with SERPS, the more you earn, the higher your pension, S2P operate a flat rate which means that high earners will be better off opting for private pension schemes. Normalised earningsNormalised earningsSee 'adjusted earnings'. Price earnings growth factorPrice earnings growth factorThe PEG of a company is calculated by dividing its prospective P/E ratio by the estimated future growth rate in earnings per share of the company. So to calculate a PEG, you first need to calculate its P/E ratio.P/E = current share price divided by earnings per shareA company with a share price of 100p and earnings per share of 5p has a P/E ratio of 100/5 = 20.By itself the P/E ratio is a useful ratio because it shows how many times the current earnings the shares cost - in a sense, how many years you would have to wait to get your money back if the company paid out all its earnings to shareholders. But the limitation of the P/E ratio is that it looks at historical information and does not relate the price of the shares to its future performance. The PEG ratio builds in that extra layer of sophistication.Using the example of the same company, imagine that the consensus brokers' forecast for its future earnings growth rate is 15%.PEG = P/E divided by estimated future growth rateFor this company, the PEG would be 20 divided by 15 = 1.33.According to Jim Slater, the investor who popularised the use of PEG's as a stock share selection tool, a share with a PEG of 1 or lower is attractive. Put simply, the lower the PEG, the less you are being asked to pay for estimated future earnings. Jim Slater did not recommend use of the PEG as the only criteria of share selection. There are plenty of other fundamental checks that have to be made too.Note that the estimated future earnings are a critical part of the PEG calculation, and that if the forecasts made by brokers are wide of the mark, the PEG ratio will be unreliable. Because of this danger, most advocated of PEG's recommend using consensus forecasts, rather than the forecasts of any single broker/analyst. Taxable earningsTaxable earningsThe amount of an individual's annual income on which tax is payable defined as:Taxable earnings = Income - Reliefs - AllowancesThe main reliefs are pension contributions and donations to charity. The main allowances are the 'personal allowance' which every individual has (£4,615 for people under 65 in 2003-2004) and the Married Couples Allowance for couples where one spouse is 65 or over.So someone with Income of £20,000 who has made pension contributions in the year of £1,000 will have Total Income of £19,000, and his Taxable Income will be £19,000 less a personal allowance of £4,615 = £14,385.The amount of tax he has to pay will be determined by the tax bands in operation in the year in question. For 2003-2004, the bands are:£1-£1,960: tax rate is 10% (starting rate) - tax on band is £196£1,961-£30,500: tax rate is 22% (basic rate) - tax on band is £6,278.58Over £30,500: tax rate is 40% (higher rate) Further SuggestionsRetained earningsEarnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) Quality of earnings Times interest earned ratio Earnings before interest after taxes (EBIAT) Fully diluted earnings per shares earnings per share Earnings net relevant earnings lower earnings limit earnings adjusted earnings unearned income earnings factor Learning curve Distance learning Unearned interest Earnings before interest and, taxes (EBIT) Earning asset Earned surplus retained earnings earned income Unearned income (revenue) earning asset price earnings ratio (P/E ratio) |
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