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Taxable earnings |
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Taxable earningsThe amount of an individual's annual income on which tax is payable defined as:Taxable earnings = Income - Reliefs - AllowancesThe main reliefs are pension contributions and donations to charity. The main allowances are the 'personal allowance' which every individual has (£4,615 for people under 65 in 2003-2004) and the Married Couples Allowance for couples where one spouse is 65 or over.So someone with Income of £20,000 who has made pension contributions in the year of £1,000 will have Total Income of £19,000, and his Taxable Income will be £19,000 less a personal allowance of £4,615 = £14,385.The amount of tax he has to pay will be determined by the tax bands in operation in the year in question. For 2003-2004, the bands are:£1-£1,960: tax rate is 10% (starting rate) - tax on band is £196£1,961-£30,500: tax rate is 22% (basic rate) - tax on band is £6,278.58Over £30,500: tax rate is 40% (higher rate)Similar MatchesEarnings before interest, taxes, and depreciation (EBITD)Earnings before interest, taxes, and depreciation (EBITD)A financial measure defined as revenues less cost of goods sold and selling, general, and administrative expenses. In other words, operating and nonoperating profit before the deduction of interest and income taxes. Depreciation expenses are not included in the costs. Band earningsBand earningsPay between the lower earnings limit and upper earnings limit which is used to determine National Insurance Contributions. Earnings yieldEarnings yieldThe earnings of a company are its annual profits after deduction of tax, dividends to preference shareholders and bondholders. They are usually expressed on a per-share basis (e.g. 7p), and the earnings per share (EPS) figure is calculated by dividing total earnings by the average number of shares in issue for the relevant accounting period.e.g. earnings or £2m, with 10m shares in issue would give an EPS of 20pThe earnings yield is the EPS as a percentage of the current market price of the share. So if the EPS was 7p and the current market price is 116p, the earnings yield7 / 116 x 100 = 6.03%Earnings yield is not used as commonly as its reciprocal measure, the P/E ratio. On the same figures, the P/E would be:116 / 7 = 16.6 Earnings before taxes (EBT)Earnings before taxes (EBT)A financial measure defined as revenues less cost of goods sold and selling, general, and administrative expenses. In other words, operating and nonoperating profit before the deduction of income taxes. Price earnings growth factorPrice earnings growth factorThe PEG of a company is calculated by dividing its prospective P/E ratio by the estimated future growth rate in earnings per share of the company. So to calculate a PEG, you first need to calculate its P/E ratio.P/E = current share price divided by earnings per shareA company with a share price of 100p and earnings per share of 5p has a P/E ratio of 100/5 = 20.By itself the P/E ratio is a useful ratio because it shows how many times the current earnings the shares cost - in a sense, how many years you would have to wait to get your money back if the company paid out all its earnings to shareholders. But the limitation of the P/E ratio is that it looks at historical information and does not relate the price of the shares to its future performance. The PEG ratio builds in that extra layer of sophistication.Using the example of the same company, imagine that the consensus brokers' forecast for its future earnings growth rate is 15%.PEG = P/E divided by estimated future growth rateFor this company, the PEG would be 20 divided by 15 = 1.33.According to Jim Slater, the investor who popularised the use of PEG's as a stock share selection tool, a share with a PEG of 1 or lower is attractive. Put simply, the lower the PEG, the less you are being asked to pay for estimated future earnings. Jim Slater did not recommend use of the PEG as the only criteria of share selection. There are plenty of other fundamental checks that have to be made too.Note that the estimated future earnings are a critical part of the PEG calculation, and that if the forecasts made by brokers are wide of the mark, the PEG ratio will be unreliable. Because of this danger, most advocated of PEG's recommend using consensus forecasts, rather than the forecasts of any single broker/analyst. Further SuggestionsEarningsPretax earnings or profits normalised earnings Normalized earnings net relevant earnings Earnings Earnings before interest after taxes (EBIAT) price earnings ratio (P/E ratio) Quality of earnings Earnings response coefficient adjusted earnings Retained earnings Primary earnings per (common) share Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) State Earnings Related Pension Scheme earnings per share lower earnings limit Earnings before interest and, taxes (EBIT) earnings upper earnings level earnings factor Earnings price ratio Fully diluted earnings per shares retained earnings Earnings retention ratio |
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